Optimization of MTC device trigger delivery

ABSTRACT

A network node ( 21 ), which is placed within a core network, stores a list of network elements ( 24 ) capable of forwarding a trigger message to a MTC device ( 10 ). The network node ( 21 ) receives the trigger message from a transmission source ( 30, 40 ) placed outside the core network, and then selects, based on the list, one of the network elements to forward the trigger message to the MTC device ( 10 ). The MTC device ( 10 ) validates the received trigger message, and then transmits, when the trigger message is not validated, to the network node ( 21 ) a reject message indicating that the trigger message is not accepted by the MTC device ( 10 ). Upon receiving the reject message, the network node ( 21 ) forwards the trigger message through a different one of the network elements, or forwards the reject message to transmission source ( 30, 40 ) to send the trigger message through user plane.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/535,626 filed on Aug. 8, 2019, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/360,138 filed on Nov. 23, 2016, which is issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,447,576, which is continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/409,968 filed on Dec. 19, 2014, which is a National Stage Entry of international application PCT/JP2013/002757, filed Apr. 23, 2013, which claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-147982 filed on Jun. 29, 2012, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-209393 filed on Sep. 24, 2012, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to new functions for UE (User Equipment)/MTC (Machine-Type-Communication) device and MTC-IWF (MTC-Interworking Function), in order to provide an efficient mechanism for MTC device trigger delivery.

BACKGROUND ART

MTC device triggering is a feature defined by the 3GPP's (Third Generation Partnership Project's) LTE-A (Long Term Evolution-Advanced) (see e.g. NPL 1). The MTC device triggering is sent from SCS (Services Capability Server) or SME (Short Message Entities) to network and terminated at MTC device. MTC device triggering message can be sent in NAS (Non-Access-Stratum) messages, SMS (Short Message Service), or user plane message.

MTC device trigger may not reach MTC device due to security protection check failure at UE. For example, it is described in NPL 2 that some NAS messages (e.g. Identity Request, Authentication Request, Detach Accept, etc.) with no protection can be processed by UE. If a fake MTC device trigger is embedded in such NAS messages, it can cause MTC device battery consumption, and potential mis-behaviour/mis-configuration of the MTC device.

When the secure exchange of NAS messages has not been established, UE discards the NAS messages which do not pass the integrity check (see e.g. NPL 3). When MTC device trigger is carried in such NAS messages and discarded, SCS will not have knowledge about it and may send the same trigger again. This will cause 1) overloading the network, 2) MTC device battery consumption. Another example is when trigger sent over user plane. The current 3GPP security mechanism requires confidential protection on user plane. Similarly problem should be considered that when the user plane message carrying trigger is not properly protected.

There is also considered an issue for SMS based trigger. In LTE where CSFB (CS (Circuit Switched) Fall Back) is in use, and SMS trigger is sent from SCS, without knowledge about if MTC device is IMS (IP (Internet Protocol) Multimedia Subsystem) support, MTC-IWF may forward the message to MME (Mobility Management Entity, assuming it is the serving node), then MME will decide what is the correct route. For example, if the UE is not IMS supported, MME will forward the SMS trigger to MSC (Mobile Switching Centre).

CITATION LIST Non Patent Literature

-   NPL 1: 3GPP TS 23.682, “Architecture Enhancements to facilitate     communications with packet data networks and applications (Release     11)”, v11.1.0, 2012-06 -   NPL 2: 3GPP TS 24.301, “Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for     Evolved Packet System (EPS); Stage 3 (Release 11)”, v11.2.1, 2012-03 -   NPL 3: 3GPP TR 33.868, “Security aspects of Machine-Type     Communications; (Release 11)”, v0.8.0

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

Assume that the trigger source (e.g. SCS or SME) is outside of 3GPP network domain. MTC device triggering can be sent in NAS message, user plane message or SMS message. Now, based on the background art given above, the issues to be solved include:

-   -   1. Solution for receiving not properly protected message (e.g.         NAS message) carrying trigger(s);     -   2. Reducing network load and MTC device battery consumption; and     -   3. Decision making on MTC device trigger delivery route by         MTC-IWF.

Currently when MTC device receives a trigger without NAS protection or user plane message, it only discards the message.

There is no requirement for MTC-IWF storing MTC device capabilities, MTC device serving node information, and trigger message.

MTC-IWF only forwards the trigger to the serving node but there is no mechanism for an optimization of path selection.

As mentioned above, currently if MTC device does not support IMS, for a network which supports CSFB, MME can forward the SMS trigger to MSC. However, the inventors of this application have found that if MTC-IWF has knowledge in the early stage, a shorter route can be taken that MTC-IWF directly forwards the SMS trigger directly to MSC.

Accordingly, an exemplary object of the present invention is to provide solutions to the above described issues such that MTC device trigger can be delivered efficiently.

Solution to Problem

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, one exemplary aspect of this invention first considers MTC device triggering carried in unprotected NAS or user plane message. When such messages carry MTC device trigger, MTC device can discard the trigger and send a Trigger Reject message to MTC-IWF or GGSN (Gateway GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Support Node)/P-GW (PDN (Packet data network) Gateway). MTC-IWF or GGSN/P-GW will hold this trigger message and forward it via a different path like SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) in case of NAS message or S-GW (Serving Gateway) in case of user plane message. In case of NAS message, MTC-IWF can alternatively check the security status with MME and SGSN beforehand, and wrap the trigger in NAS message only when MME has valid NAS security context. The route in which the MTC device trigger is delivered, can be decided by a priority list of MTC device trigger delivery. The priority can be decided by UE capabilities and serving node information. The list can be either created in HSS (Home Subscriber Server) or MTC-IWF.

When the SMS trigger is in use and MTC device does not support IMS, without knowledge about MTC device capability, MTC-IWF may still forward the SMS trigger message to MME, if it was indicated that the MME is the current serving node by HSS. When MME finds out MTC device does not support IMS, it will forward the trigger to MSC to make it reach MTC device. This will delay the trigger delivery. While MTC-IWF can access HSS for some of MTC device information, it is proposed that MTC-IWF also requests MTC device capabilities of IMS support or not. When the MTC-IWF receives a SMS trigger, it will check its local stored MTC device capability, if the MTC device does not support IMS, it can directly forward the trigger to MSC.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

According to the present invention, it is possible to solve one or more of the above-described issues. For example, it is possible to achieve at least a part or one of the following effects 1 to 3.

-   -   1. The network node (MTC-IWF or GGSN/P-GW) which forwards         trigger or trigger source can have knowledge of the trigger         discarding. It can find another path to deliver the trigger such         that 1) the trigger can reach MTC device, 2) the trigger will         not be re-sent on the same path thus unnecessary network traffic         can be reduced and MTC device battery consumption will not be         wasted.     -   2. MTC-IWF can decide a right path for MTC device trigger         delivery in an early stage so that the trigger delivery time can         be shorten and network traffic will not be wasted.     -   3. A priority list of MTC device trigger delivery path provides         a route selection optimization such that MTC-IWF will be able to         choose a proper route in an early stage and will not send the         trigger through a failed path.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of system architecture according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a sequence diagram showing an example of message sequence (trigger carried in NAS message) in a system according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a network node placed within a core network in the system according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a MTC device in the system according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a network node placed outside the core network in the system according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 .

As mentioned above, when the trigger message is send over NAS, it is described in NPL 3 that trigger without NAS security protection should be discarded by MTC device. The trigger source or network node such as MTC-IWF will not know about the discard and repeatedly send the same trigger again, which may be discarded by the MTC device again. This can cause a few problems: 1) the trigger will not reach MTC device; 2) MTC device (power sensitive) will consume and waste battery; 3) network traffic waste.

In order to address these problems, as shown in FIG. 1 , a system according to this exemplary embodiment includes a core network (3GPP network), one or more MTC devices 10 which connect to the core network through a RAN (Radio Access Network), and an SCS 30 and an SME 40, each of which is placed outside the core network and serves as a transmission source of a trigger message.

Among them, each MTC device 10 is a UE for MTC communication with the core network via the Um/Uu/LTE-Uu interface. The UE can host one or multiple MTC Applications. The corresponding MTC Applications in the external network are hosted on one or multiple ASs (Application Servers).

Further, the SCS 30 and the SME 40 connect to the core network to communicate with the MTC device 10.

Furthermore, the core network includes an MTC-IWF 21, an HSS 22, and GGSN/P-GW 23 in the HPLMN (Home Public Land Mobile Network), and includes MME/SGSN/MSC 24 and an S-GW 25 in the VPLMN (Visited PLMN). In the core network, each of the MTC-IWF 21 and the GGSN/P-GW 23 serves as a network node which receives a trigger message from its transmission source, each of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 and the S-GW 25 serves as a network element which forwards the trigger message to the MTC device 10, and the HSS 22 (or e.g. HLR (Home Location Register)) serves as a server which provides various information to the network node. Typically, in a case of NAS message, the MTC-IWF 21 receives a trigger message from the SCS 30 via Tsp interface, and then forwards the trigger message to the MME via T5b interface. On the other hand, in a case of SMS message, the MTC-IWF 21 receives a trigger message from the SME 40 via T4 and Tsms interfaces (i.e. through SMS-SC/GMSC/IWMSC) or from the SCS 30 via Tsp interface, and then forwards the trigger message to the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 via T5b/T5a/T5c interface. Thus, the trigger message can be routed by the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 to the MTC device 10. The HSS 22 stores MTC device capabilities and serving node information which will be described later, and notifies them to the MTC-IWF 21 via S6m interface. The GGSN/P-GW 23 receives a trigger message from the SCS 30 or directly from the AS via Gi/SGi interface, and then forwards the trigger message to the SGSN or the S-GW 25 through user plane, so that the trigger message can be also routed to the MTC device 10.

Next, operation examples of this exemplary embodiment will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 2 .

In this exemplary embodiment, assume that the trigger source (i.e. SCS 30 or SME 40) is properly authenticated to the network (Step S1). Mutual authentication between the MTC device 10 and the network is also performed.

(1) Optimization of MTC Device Trigger Delivery

-   -   1) MTC-IWF 21 downloads UE capabilities from HSS 22 via         interface S6m (Step S2). This can be a new message or the same         message that MTC-IWF 21 retrieves UE's serving node information         from HSS 22. The UE capabilities can include, for example,         information on which communication system (e.g. SAE (System         Architecture Evolution)/LTE or 3G) the MTC device 10 supports.         Preferably, as will be described in the following (2), the UE         capabilities may include information as to whether or not the         MTC device 10 supports IMS. On the other hand, the serving node         information includes usage rates of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24.         Additionally, routing information can be downloaded from the HSS         22 or the HLR. Data of routing information, serving node         information can be pushed or downloaded from HSS/HLR and saved         locally in SMSC/SMS-GMSC.

The downloading can happen when:

-   -   (A) MTC-IWF 21 receives the first trigger; or     -   (B) MTC device 10 is attached to the network and HSS 22 pushes         the information to MTC-IWF 21.     -   2) MTC-IWF 21 stores the UE capabilities and serving node         information locally, for a given period (Step S3).     -   3) HSS 22 or MTC-IWF 21 creates a priority list of MTC device         trigger delivery route, with an expiry timer (Step S4). The         priority could be simply a random selection, or decided by         operator policy of network usage, or based on the serving node         information and UE capabilities. Taking as an example the case         where the serving node information includes the usage rates,         priority list includes records in which the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 are         stored in association with their respective usage rates.         Further, in the case where the list is created by the HSS 22,         the MTC-IWF 21 downloads the list from the HSS 22. The         downloading and/or creation are performed before the MTC-IWF 21         receives the trigger from the SCS 30. Note that the list should         be removed if MTC-IWF 21 is informed the MTC device 10 is         detached or when it is expired.     -   4) MTC-IWF 21 receives the trigger from the SCS 30 (Step S5).     -   5) MTC-IWF 21 performs authorization to SCS 30, to see whether         it can send trigger message.     -   6) MTC-IWF 21 checks security context at a given network         element, e.g. MME (Steps S6 and S7), which can be done by:     -   (A) Pinging given network element for information or by         analyzing the information received from the HSS; or     -   (B) Check with the information that provided by HSS 22 when         MTC-IWF 21 downloaded the serving node information, or pushed         from HSS 22 e.g. when UE changed its location.     -   7) If MME responds that it has no valid security context for the         UE, MTC-IWF 21 will send the trigger message to the next serving         node in the priority list, e.g. SGSN (Steps S8 and S9). Then,         SGSN forwards the trigger message to MTC device 10 (Step S10).         MTC-IWF 21 should ensure that it does not choose the same route,         by marking the failed path invalid. Thus, it is possible to         prevent the trigger message from being redundantly re-forwarded         through the failed path, so that the trigger message can more         rapidly reach the MTC device 10. The route can be valid if         MTC-IWF 21 receives information from HSS 22 or MME that security         context is established.

Thus, in this exemplary embodiment, it is possible to ensure that the trigger message can securely reach the MTC device 10, by deciding the network element which should transfer the trigger message based on the list. In the case where the MTC-IWF 21 creates the list, it is possible to rapidly select the valid path. This is because that the MTC-IWF 21 operates as an entrance into the core network.

Further, in the case where the list includes records in which the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 are stored in association with their respective usage rates, the MTC-IWF 21 can select the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 in ascending order of usage rate. Therefore, it is possible to reduce congestion of the core network.

-   -   8) UE (MTC device 10) checks validity of the message carrying         the trigger (this follows the current 3GPP specification         security requirements) (Step S11).     -   9) If message is not validated correctly then MTC device 10         discards the trigger message (Step S12) and sends a Reject         message to MTC-IWF 21 indicating the reject cause (e.g. no         proper security protection) (Step S13), otherwise accepts the         trigger.     -   10) After received the Reject message, MTC-IWF 21 can do as         follows:     -   (A) Choose the next path which is not marked as invalid from         propriety list, and then forward the trigger through the chosen         path (Step S14);     -   (B) When there is no any control plane path available, MTC-IWF         21 can forward the Reject message to SCS 30 such that SCS 30 can         send the trigger through user plane (Steps S15 and S16);     -   (C) Request MME to initiate AKA (Authentication and Key         Agreement) and SMC (Short Message Control) procedure to         establish security context such that it can forward the trigger         message.

Thus, in this exemplary embodiment, it is also possible to prevent the trigger message from being redundantly re-forwarded by use of the Reject message. Therefore, it is possible to reduce congestion of the core network and battery consumption of the MTC device 10. For example, it can be ensured that an emergent trigger message or the like reaches the MTC device 10.

Although the illustration is omitted, with respect to user plane, the GGSN/P-GW 23 performs similar processing with that of the MTC-IWF 21. Specifically, the GGSN/P-GW 23 receives from the MTC device 10 a Reject message with a cause indicating there was no proper user plane confidentiality protection, finds another path to deliver the trigger. For example, if a path via the SGSN is not protected, the GGSN/P-GW 23 chooses a protected path via the S-GW 25 to forward the trigger message.

(2) Consideration of SMS Based Trigger for Non-IMS Support MTC Device

When the trigger message is sent as SMS, MTC devices which do not support IMS should also be considered. An SMS trigger message carried in NAS message to a MTC device which does not support IMS, CSFB may be initiated such that MME will forward the message to MSC. This will cause unnecessary traffic and delay the trigger delivery.

In order to avoid them, the operation of this exemplary embodiment is performed as follows.

-   -   1) MTC-IWF 21 can download MTC device capability of support IMS         from HSS 22 as described in (1). When an SMS trigger is to be         forwarded, MTC-IWF 21 should check the local stored information         to see whether MTC device 10 supports IMS or not.     -   2) If the MTC device 10 does not support IMS, MTC-IWF 21 should         forward the trigger directly to MSC, not MME.

In this way, the SMS trigger message is directly forwarded to the MMC not through the MME. Therefore, it is possible to avoid causing unnecessary traffic from the MME to the MSC, and thus to prevent the SMS trigger message from being delayed due to the redundant routing through both of the MME and the MSC.

As shown in FIG. 3 , the MTC-IWF 21 includes at least a part or all of a storage unit 211, a selection unit 212, a forwarding unit 213, a reception unit 214, a switching unit 215, a check unit 216, an exclusion unit 217, and a downloading unit 218. These units 211 to 218 are mutually connected with each other through a bus or the like. The storage unit 211 stores the priority list. The selection unit 212 selects one of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 based on the priority list. The forwarding unit 213 forwards the trigger message to the MTC device 10 through the selected one of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24. The reception unit 214 receives the trigger message from the SCS 30 or the SME 40, and receives the Reject message from the MTC device 10 through the selected one of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24. The switching unit 215 causes the forwarding unit 213 to forward the trigger message through a different one of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24, when the Reject message is received by the reception unit 214. The check unit 216 checks whether or not the selected one of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 can securely forward the trigger message to the MTC device 10. The exclusion unit 217 instructs the forwarding unit 213 to exclude the selected one of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 upon the subsequent forwarding, when the check unit 216 determines that the selected one of the MME/SGSN/MSC 24 cannot securely forward the trigger message. The downloading unit 218 can download from the HSS 22 the priority list to be stored in the storage unit 211. Further, the downloading unit 218 downloads the MTC device capability from the HSS 22. When the MTC device capability indicates that the MTC device 10 does not support IMS, the forwarding unit 213 forwards the trigger message directly to the MSC.

These units 211 to 218 can be configured by, for example, transceivers which respectively conduct communication with the HSS 22, the MME/SGSN/MSC 24, the SCS 30 and the SME 40, and a controller which controls these transceivers to execute the processes shown at Steps S1 to S9 and S13 to S15 in FIG. 2 or processes equivalent thereto. The GGSN/P-GW 23 can be also configured as with the MTC-IWF 21, except conducting communication with the SGSN, the S-GW 25, the SCS 30 and the AS through the user plane.

Further, as shown in FIG. 4 , the MTC device 10 includes at least a reception unit 101, a validity unit 102, and a transmission unit 103. These units 101 to 103 are mutually connected with each other thorough a bus or the like. The reception unit 102 receives the trigger message from the core network. The validity unit 102 validates the trigger message. The transmission unit 103 transmits the Reject message to the core network, when the trigger message is not validated by the validity unit 102. These units 101 to 103 can be configured by, for example, a transceiver which wirelessly conducts communication with the core network through the RAN, and a controller which controls this transceiver to execute the processes shown at Steps S10 to S13 and S16 in FIG. 2 or processes equivalent thereto.

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 5 , the SCS 30 includes at least a transmission unit 301, a reception unit 302, and a send unit 303. These units 301 to 303 are mutually connected with each other thorough a bus or the like. The transmission unit 301 transmits the trigger message to the core network through control plane (i.e. transmits the trigger message to the MTC-IWF 21 via Tsp interface). The reception unit 302 receives the Reject message from the MTC-IWF 21. The send unit 303 sends the trigger message through user plane (i.e. sends the trigger message to the GGSN/P-GW 23 via Gi/SGi interface), when the Reject message is received by the reception unit 302. These units 301 to 303 can be configured by, for example, transceivers which respectively conduct communication with the MTC-IWF 21 and the GGSN/P-GW 23, and a controller which controls these transceivers to execute the processes shown at Steps S1, S5, S15 and S16 in FIG. 2 or processes equivalent thereto. The SME 40 can be also configured as with the SCS 30, except transmitting the trigger message to the MSC-IWF 21 via the SMS-SC/GMSC/IWMSC.

Note that the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned exemplary embodiment, and it is obvious that various modifications can be made by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the recitation of the claims.

For example, the MTC-IWF 21 or the GGSN/P-GW 23 may transfer the trigger message through a different network element, when a response to the trigger message is not received within a predetermined period of time. Specifically, the reception unit 214 receives the response from the MTC device 10. If the response is not received by the reception unit 214 within the period of time, the switching unit 215 causes the forwarding unit 213 to forward the trigger message through a network element different from the selected network element. Note that the period of time can be measured by use of a timer, a counter or the like. Thus, it can be also ensured that the trigger message reaches the MTC device 10. In this case, it may not be required for the MTC device 10 to sends the Reject message, so that modification to the MTC device 10 can be reduced compared with the above-mentioned exemplary embodiment.

The whole or part of the exemplary embodiment disclosed above can be described as, but not limited to, the following supplementary notes.

(Supplementary Note 1)

MTC-IWF downloads (requesting or being pushed) MTC device capabilities from HSS via interface S6m including for example if MTC device supports IMS. This can be a new message or a new field in the message which MTC-IWF retrieves MTC device serving node information.

(Supplementary Note 2)

MTC device trigger delivery route priority list. This list is created based on the operator policy of network usage and/or by UE capability. The list can be created in HSS then pushed to MTC-IWF, or created by MTC-IWF after it downloaded the necessary information from HSS. The list can be stored in MTC-IWF locally.

(Supplementary Note 3)

If a MME is the serving node, MTC-IWF checks with MME to see if it has valid NAS security context. When MME does not have valid security context, MTC-IWF should forward the trigger to other entities like SGSN/MSC according to the delivery route priority.

(Supplementary Note 4)

When MTC device receives a trigger embedded in an unprotected NAS or user plane message, it sends a Trigger Reject message with cause indication to network node: MTC-IWF or GGSN/P-GW.

(Supplementary Note 5)

MTC-IWF, which receives a reject message with a cause indicating there was no proper NAS protection, finds another path to deliver the trigger. When all the control plane paths are not available, MTC-IWF can initiate AKA and SMC procedure. It also can forward the Reject message to SCS, such that SCS can send the trigger message via user plane.

(Supplementary Note 6)

GGSN/P-GW which receives a reject message with a cause indicating there was no proper user plane confidentiality protection, finds another path to deliver the trigger.

2. Discussion

There are two issues discussed in this document.

First, SA2 TS 23.682 considers roaming in the architecture. In this case, the visited network may not be trusted by the MTC device and the triggers forwarded from such network should not be trusted and taken as valid either.

Thus MTC device should:

-   -   verify if the MTC-IWF it communicates with is authorized.     -   be able to verify if the trigger is from a authorized MTC-IWF.         If it is from an invalid MTC-IWF, MTC device should inform MME         such that MME will suspend the communication with MTC-IWF and         may have a further action.

Second, when the MTC device receives a trigger without NAS integrity protection, the MTC device (as described in TR 33.868) “could discard the trigger or alternatively look deeper into the trigger if end-to-end protection was applied”.

A few things are concerned:

-   -   The trigger cannot be received and MTC server or MTC user has no         knowledge about the discard.     -   It wastes network traffic and MTC device's battery, that if MME         sends a trigger which will not be received.

In order to solve the above described issue:

-   -   MME should not send the trigger without protection in the first         place     -   If such trigger is received, MTC device should send Reject         message to MME/MTC-IWF/SCS with a cause of reject such that         network can act accordingly:     -   MME can Initiate AKA procedure to establish security context     -   MTC-IWF can send the trigger from another path (i.e. via another         network node), for example, SGSN. This can depend on operator         policy and/or MTC device capabilities.

Based on the discussion above, we propose to have the following change to TR 33.868.

Solution 1: Triggering Via NAS Signaling

The main Device triggering mechanisms currently being considered in SA2 TR 23.888 [10] are triggering via NAS signalling (e.g. a new information element in an existing NAS message or a new NAS message) and triggering via SMS. The SMS trigger may possibly also be sent from the network to the MTC Device using NAS as a transport. In this case, current NAS security mechanisms can be used to solve the security issue. After NAS SMC, NAS security is activated. All NAS signaling messages should be integrity-protected according to TS 33.401 [13], and therefore current LTE security mechanisms ensure that the trigger indication is not tampered with. In this case the SMS trigger will also benefit from the integrity protection of NAS signalling in LTE.

Source verification needs to be considered which in this context is understood to mean that the MTC Device can verify that the source of the trigger is a valid MTC server. This could be achieved in the following way.

MTC Device trusts the 3GPP network sending the NAS integrity protected trigger. In this case the MTC Device could be configured with identities of trusted 3GPP networks. (Somewhat analogically as trusted non3GPP access networks can be configured in the UE in TS 33.402.) In this context trusted 3GPP network would mean networks which have a secured interface from the MTC server to the 3GPP network, and which are trusted to ensure that only trigger indications received from authorized MTC Servers will lead to triggering of MTC Devices “belonging” to that MTC server.

The network may not be trusted for example when MTC device is roaming in the visited network, or when there is a strict security requirement for MTC. The MTC device should verify if the trigger is forwarded from a valid MTC-IWF.

When the MTC Device then receives a NAS integrity protected trigger, it can, after verifying NAS integrity protection, verify the 3GPP network in the sense as described above. If both can be verified, the trigger can be accepted.

MME should not send the trigger in a NAS message without integrity protection. If there is no NAS integrity protection of the trigger or if the 3GPP network is not trusted, the MTC Device could discard the trigger and send a Reject message to MME and MTC-IWF with a proper cause or alternatively look deeper into the trigger if end-to-end protection was applied.

When MME receives a reject response from MTC device with a cause indicating no integrity protection or integrity check failure, MME can

-   -   Initiate 3GPP AKA procedure towards MTC device so that when         there is security context shared between them MME can forward         the trigger;     -   Or forward the reject message to MTC-IWF, so that MTC-IWF can         choose another route to send the trigger.

This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese patent application No. 2012-147982, filed on Jun. 29, 2012, and Japanese patent application No. 2012-209393, filed on Sep. 24, 2012, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   10 MTC DEVICE -   21 MTC-IWF -   22 HSS -   23 GGSN/P-GW -   24 MME/SGSN/MSC -   25 S-GW -   30 SCS -   40 SME -   101, 214, 302 RECEPTION UNIT -   102 VALIDITY UNIT -   103, 301 TRANSMISSION UNIT -   211 STORAGE UNIT -   212 SELECTION UNIT -   213 FORWARDING UNIT -   215 SWITCHING UNIT -   216 CHECK UNIT -   217 EXCLUSION UNIT -   218 DOWNLOADING UNIT -   303 SEND UNIT 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A UE (User Equipment) comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor, the at least one memory storing instructions that when executed by the at least one processor cause the at least one processor to: receive a first message using a NAS (Non-Access-Stratum) message from a network node for mobility management performing a device triggering procedure, perform an integrity check of the NAS message, discard the NAS message, the NAS message having not successfully passed the integrity check; and send, to the network node for mobility management, a reject message comprising a security related cause.
 2. The UE according to claim 1, wherein the first message is routed to the UE based on information about a device trigger delivery route.
 3. A method of a UE (User Equipment) comprising: receiving, in a device triggering procedure, a first message using a NAS (Non-Access-Stratum) message from a network node for mobility management performing a device triggering procedure; performing an integrity check of the NAS message; and discarding the NAS message, the NAS message having not successfully passed the integrity check; and send, to the network node for mobility management, a reject message comprising a security related cause.
 4. The method of the UE according to claim 3, wherein the first message is routed to the UE based on information about a device trigger delivery route. 